大地的延伸：覆土建筑

精选覆土建筑项目

2020-12-21

项目标签

类型: :; 合集建筑景观
材料: :; 泥土生态绿植
标签: :; 覆土建筑

“没有一座房子应该凌驾于一座山丘或是任何东西上面，它应该融入那里，属于那里，它们和谐融洽地在那里相处。”

“No house should ever be on a hill or on anything. It should be of the hill, belonging to it. Hill and house should live together, each the happier for the other.”

—— 弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特 Frank Lloyd wright

在《城市环境建筑学研究系列:覆土建筑》中，描述覆土建筑为：覆土建筑艺术，不是单指以土覆盖着的建筑，也不单指地下建筑，而是指以土、石、木等作材料，与大自然密切联系着的建筑，英文称为Earth Sheltered Architecture。它是建筑学中新兴的一门综合学科，伴随着环境科学发展起来，它和以保护自然环境为宗旨的生态建筑学（Ecological Architecture）有密切的关系。

根据不同的形式，覆土建筑主要可以分为三大类，包括：下沉式，靠崖式，以及独立式。下沉式指建筑整体或大部分墙体位于地下，为了满足采光与通风的需求，下沉式覆土建筑通常会设置中庭或天井庭院。靠崖式指建筑设置在斜坡或山坡上，土质覆盖建筑屋顶与墙壁，这也是寒冷和温带气候中最受欢迎和最节能的覆土建筑形式。独立式也称土坝式，建筑完全位于地面以上，与下沉式，靠崖式相比，独立式覆土建筑的防水问题更少，建设成本更低。

In the Urban Environment Architecture Research Series: Earth-Sheltered Architecture: the Earth-Sheltered Architecture, not only refers to soil covered buildings or underground structures, but the architecture linked closely with earth, stone, wood, and nature. It is an emerging comprehensive discipline in Architecture. With the development of environmental science, it has a close relationship with Ecological Architecture, which aims to protect the natural environment.

According to the different forms, Earth-Sheltered Architecture can be divided into three main categories, including: Underground, In-hill, and Bermed. Underground type means that the whole or most of the walls of the building are located underground. In order to meet the needs of lighting and ventilation, Underground type earth-Sheltered buildings usually have atria or patio courtyards. In-hill refers to a building set on a slope or hillside, with the roof and walls of the building covered with earth. It is also the most popular and energy efficient earth-Sheltered building form in cold and temperate climates. Bermed type is completely located above the ground. Compared to the other types, this kind of building has fewer waterproofing problems and lower construction cost.

▼覆土建筑的不同类型，different types of the Earth-Sheltered Architecture ©appropedia

在节能方面，覆土建筑的优势显著。首先，建筑表层覆盖的泥土具有保温隔热的效果；白天，大约50%的太阳能热量被地表吸收贮存，而覆土建筑则利用土壤比热容大的特性，为室内营造出冬暖夏凉的舒适体感环境。其次，与传统的建筑相比，覆土建筑中的空气湿度较高，可达到50 – 70%，除了避免冬季房间干燥问题，还具有较高的防火性能。此外，由于有土壤的保护，覆土建筑还具有良好的防风、隔音、抗震等优势。最后，种植屋面的应用，使覆土建筑在生态与景观方面的优势更是无出其右的，正如莱特所说：“建筑是大地与太阳的儿子，大地比任何人为的环境都重要。一个建筑在其中的生活与其外界的自然关系越密切，就越具有生命力。”

In terms of energy conservation, Earth-Sheltered Architecture have obvious advantages. First of all, the earth covering the building surface has the effect of heat insulation. During the day, about 50% of the solar energy is absorbed and stored by the surface, while the Earth-Sheltered Architecture takes advantage of the high specific heat capacity of the soil to create a comfortable body feeling environment with warm in winter and cool in summer. Secondly, compared with traditional buildings, the air humidity in Earth-Sheltered Architecture, which can reach 50-70%. In addition to avoiding the problem of dry room in winter, it also has a high fire performance. In addition, due to the protection of soil, Earth-Sheltered Architecture also have good ventilation, sound insulation, anti-seismic advantages. Finally, the application of planting roof makes the Earth-Sheltered Architecture more ecology and blend in with the landscape.

▼密苏里州某覆土建筑室内外温度对比&传统建筑与覆土建筑能耗对比，Temperature stability graph of an earth sheltered house in Missouri & Comparison of monthly total energy usage in conventional above-ground and earth sheltered homes © kubue Jideofor Anselm