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Appreciations towards Nikken Sekkei Ltd. for providing the following description:

2025年日本世界博览会（大阪・关西世博会）日本馆以“生命与生命之间”为展览理念，建筑采用雁行排列的CLT（正交胶合木）重复构成无数个圆环，以建筑的形式表现“生命的接力”与“生命的循环”。

The Japan Pavilion at Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai, serves as the official pavilion of the Japanese government. Designed in response to its exhibition concept “Between Lives,” the architecture embodies themes of “the relay of life” and “the cycle of life” through a repetitive, staggered arrangement of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels in a concentric circular formation.

▼鸟瞰，Bird’s-eye view 由经济产业省提供

森林般的展馆
A Pavilion Like a Forest

树木（或木材）是一种象征生命循环和循环经济的材料。其中，CLT是一种提高木材利用可能性的新工艺，将小径木切割成薄片，再叠放胶合成实木板材。本次使用的部分CLT将在世博会结束后拆解归还给借出方“一般社团法人日本CLT协会”，并再次用于新的建筑。

The use of wood, whether as a tree or timber, symbolizes the cycle of life and the circular economy. Among various timber technologies, CLT offers a novel system that enhances the potential of wood utilization by transforming small-diameter logs into thin laminates, which are stacked to create large panels. Additionally, a proportion of the CLT panels used in this pavilion will be disassembled and returned to their lender, the Japan Cross Laminated Timber Association after the exhibition, where they are to be repurposed and used in subsequent architectural projects.

▼外观，Exterior image 由经济产业省提供

因此，CLT非常适合用于体现“循环”理念的该建筑。展馆设计在CLT板之间留有缝隙，使视线得以穿透，试图以此在“外部与内部”“展览与建筑”之间建立连续的连接，同时让人联想到另一个不同于循环的“间隙（之间）”。

This regenerative characteristic of the architecture serves as a testament to its alignment with the pavilion’s overarching theme of “cycle.” The gaps between the CLT panels facilitate visual permeability, thereby establishing a seamless connection between exterior and interior environments, as well as the exhibition and the architecture. This interplay introduces an additional layer of “in-betweenness,” expanding the notion of the cycle.

▼概念示意图，Concept image 由经济产业省提供

木材形成的坚固结构
外贴CLT的结构系统
A wooden Structure that Can Withstand the Elements
Exterior CLT Clad Framing System

展馆采用最大约3m×12m的CLT沿建筑圆周方向呈雁行布置，以方形板构成圆形建筑。为了突出大规格（日本产CLT的制造极限）面材直接构成的简单结构，采用钢框架骨架，并用2张CLT从内外两侧夹住墙体骨架，以象征性地展示CLT。

The construction of the building’s circular form is achieved through the radial arrangement of CLT panels measuring up to approximately 3m × 12m in a staggered formation along the circumference. The building’s circular form is therefore achieved with rectangular panels. Maximum-sized domestic CLT panels are utilized, maintaining an upright position with a simple configuration. A steel frame is employed and sandwiched by two CLT panels, expressing and showcasing CLT as the key architectural element both internally and externally.

▼沿建筑排列的CLT单元，CLT units arranged along the building perimeter 由经济产业省提供

考虑到CLT再利用的使用方式
A Reusable Approach to CLT

展馆所用CLT将在世博会结束后拆除、归还并再次利用。因此，设计时尽可能减少加工，仅在局部进行开槽、修边和钻孔，以便最大化保留CLT的完整性。考虑到拆卸的便利性及拆卸后的再利用，CLT不使用任何粘着剂，仅通过干式连接与钢结构骨架紧密结合。通过使用结构螺钉和单边螺栓，即使在封闭部分，也能方便施工并轻松实现牢固连接。

The CLT panels utilized in this project are designed to be disassembled, returned to their lender, and repurposed after the exhibition. To facilitate the reuse of the panels, panel fabrications were designed to minimize slits, routing, and drilled openings. No adhesives were used, ensuring ease of disassembly and reassembly. Instead, a dry-method of joining secures the CLT panels to the steel framework. Structural screws and blind bolts were employed to ensure precise, gap-free joints, even within confined areas.

▼西南侧外部，Southwest side exterior 由经济产业省提供

在设计过程中，我们进行了结构性能试验，以验证连接部位的强度和刚度，同时还使用试样对施工性及可拆卸性进行了确认。面板在内墙侧采用3层3板结构，外墙侧加设保护层，为3层4板结构。保护层部分经过开槽加工，以便于直接安装玻璃，形成了突出CLT的简洁外装。整个建筑共使用约1600㎥的CLT。

Structural testing was conducted to verify the strength and rigidity of the joints, as well as to assess the ease of construction and disassembly using test mock-ups. The CLT panels are configured with 3-ply (3 layers) for the interior and, adding an extra ply for protection with 4-ply (4 layers) for the exterior. Slits are fabricated in the protection ply to allow for the direct insertion of glass, creating a straightforward yet expressive façade that highlights the presence of the CLT panels. In total, approximately 1,600 cubic meters of CLT is used.

▼完成后的外观，View of the completed exterior 由经济产业省提供

圆环状的建筑结构
A Circular Structural System

为了实现高度灵活的展览空间，并展现CLT的象征意义，建筑主骨架采用钢结构架，CLT作为抗震构件，以形成张弛有度的结构。中小截面钢构件组成的框架单元以均等间距呈辐射状排列，圆周方向上仅通过次梁连接各个框架，从而以简洁结构合理构建出圆形平面。同时，CLT抗震墙布置在平面的外周、中间和内周部分，形成均衡的抗震结构。

To achieve both a highly flexible exhibition space and a structure that highlights the architectural expression of CLT, the pavilion employs steel for its core structural system. Exposed CLT components serve as seismic-resisting elements, showcasing a clearly defined composition. The structure consists of evenly spaced, steel structural frames arranged radially using small and mid-size steel sections. In the circumferential direction, each frame is connected solely by secondary beams, creating a simple yet rational system that shapes the circular plan. For well-balanced seismic stability, CLT structural walls are strategically positioned along the outer, middle, and inner rings of the plan.

▼室外走廊，Outdoor corridor 由经济产业省提供

各面CLT抗震墙呈雁行排列，且雁行方向在外周、中间和内周的圆周上相互反向布置。这一设计解决了该建筑由于内部展览规划导致的地面（水平结构面）位置不连续的问题，同时合理确保了建筑在圆形平面各区域都具有适当的扭转刚度。CLT抗震墙同时承担①展览空间区域划分、②建筑物的内外墙、③抗震构件这三大功能，实现了展览、建筑外观与结构的一体化设计。

These walls are meticulously arranged in a staggered formation, alternating their orientation in each concentric zone. This configuration addresses a critical structural challenge unique to this building, wherein discontinuities in the floor plates (horizontal structural surface elements) occur due to the exhibition layout. Concurrently, it ensures adequate torsional rigidity throughout each zone of the circular plan. These CLT structural walls fulfill several functions: 1) Delineating the spatial divisions within the exhibition space, 2) Forming both interior and exterior walls of the building, and 3) Functioning as seismic-resistant elements. The aim of integrating the exhibition design, architectural design, and structural performance into a unified system has been achieved.

▼钢结构＋CLT剪力墙，Steel structure + CLT structural walls 由经济产业省提供

刻意呈现出简洁的建筑细节
结构CLT直接装配玻璃幕墙
Detailing Deliberately Made to Look Simple
Structural CLT Direct-Glazing Curtain Wall

玻璃幕墙采用了两项独特工艺：
1、CLT在风压作用下的变形追随方式。本项目中作为玻璃框的墙体单元的变形较为复杂，我们通过绘制精细的变形示意图，验证了玻璃在应对这种复杂变形时是如何一边滑动或摇动一边追随变形的，从而确认了变形追随的可能性。此外，由于CLT 作为木材的特性，不可避免地会发生翘曲和收缩等变形，我们还通过有限元法（FEM）分析确认了CLT与玻璃接触时玻璃的应力集中情况。

This glass curtain wall (GCW) incorporates two key structural innovations. The first innovation pertains to the glass’s accommodation of deformation caused by wind pressure on the CLT panel. The wall unit that serves as the glass frame in this case has a somewhat complex deformation, and by precisely drawing and verifying how the glass slides and rocks to accommodate this complex deformation, it has been confirmed that deformation tracking is possible.

▼顶部CLT结构，CLT top 由经济产业省提供

▼已配置的CLT面板，View of the configured CLT panels 由经济产业省提供

2、玻璃未使用金属框，直接装配到墙体单元的CLT上。由于对密封材料与木材兼容性的经验有限，我们事先进行了粘合力和抗污性能测试，以确认其合理性。这种玻璃幕墙拓展了木材与玻璃组合的可能性，同时有助于减少构件及降低成本，为临时建筑理想的外装材料提供了解决思路。

Additionally, as CLT naturally undergoes warping and shrinkage due to its material property, finite element method (FEM) analysis was performed to assess stress concentrations of the glass where it is in contact with the CLT panel. The second innovation is the direct glazing of glass onto the CLT wall units without any metal framing. Given the lack of precedent regarding the compatibility between sealant and wood, adhesion and contamination resistance tests were conducted in advance to confirm feasibility. This GCW not only expands the possibilities of integrating wood and glass but also offers up a solution to the question of what the ideal exterior material of a temporary structure should be, contributing to a construction process with fewer components and reduced costs.

▼CLT单元构成的幕墙，Curtain wall composed of CLT units 由经济产业省提供

展览与建筑的融合
The Integration of Exhibition and Architecture

传统博览会的展馆通常与展览内容无关，被建造成所谓的“白色立方体”。本次项目的挑战在于，如何通过一体化地推进展览规划与建筑设计，使展览与建筑融为一体。根据展览内容的不同，从室内外、光线明暗和室内空气总量大小等方面入手打造各种“展览环境”：通过膜屋顶导入自然光，形成明亮开放的挑空空间；CLT在顶光的照射下，形成光线柔和的空间；低矮的天花板和昏暗的光线，形成使注意力集中于展览的空间；带有中央水景的象征性外部空间等。我们的目标是建造一个让参观者能够通过五种感官切身体验展览内容的展馆。

At past Expos, pavilions were often designed as independent white cubes, with little to no integration between the exhibition and the architectural design. This project, however, sought a seamless integration of exhibition planning and architectural design, developing both in parallel. To complement the exhibition content, the pavilion creates a variety of “exhibiting environments”: including a bright, open atrium that allows natural light to filter through the membrane roof, a softly illuminated space with skylights that accentuate the texture of CLT surfaces, a darkened room with a low ceiling that encourages visitors to focus on the displays and an iconic outdoor space centered around a water feature. The provision of diverse exhibiting settings—including indoor and outdoor, light and shadow, and spatially large and small—the pavilion invites visitors to experience the exhibition narrative with all their five senses.

▼A5展览区域，Exhibition area A5 由经济产业省提供

▼B2-5展览区域，Exhibition area B2-5 由经济产业省提供

为了使展馆与展览融为一体，建筑设计负责人承担了协调展览规划和统筹日本馆项目的职责，整个施工图设计过程中均使用BIM，并在建筑设计师、展览设计师和施工现场人员等众多相关人员间建立完善了可进行视觉沟通的设计体制。

To ensure this integration, the architectural design team was tasked with the coordination of the exhibition planning, leading the entire Japan Pavilion project. During the detailed design phase, a fully BIM-integrated process enabled real-time visual communication not only among architects but also with the exhibition designers, construction teams, and other stakeholders, streamlining the entire design process.

▼B2-4展览区域，Exhibition area B2-4 由经济产业省提供

▼B2-2展览区域，Exhibition area B2-2 由经济产业省提供

消化利用垃圾的展馆
A Pavilion That Eats Trash

作为象征性展示生命循环的展览的一环，建筑中安装了生物气体设备。通过回收世博会场产生的厨余垃圾，利用微生物发酵分解产生的生物气体，在展馆区域内发电。展览空间提升到2层，1层则规划为设备区。二者在断面上明确分离，通过挑空空间展示运转中的机器设备作为展览的一环，形成可立体观展的展览空间。

As a symbolic expression of “the Cycle of Life” theme, the pavilion is equipped with a biogas plant. Food waste collected from the Expo grounds is deformed by microbial fermentation, generating biogas that is converted to electricity for the pavilion. The exhibition spaces are located on the second floor, while the first floor houses the plant and utility areas. This sectional arrangement ensures a clear delineation of functions while enabling visitors to observe the biogas facility in operation through an open atrium, thereby integrating the biogas plant into the exhibition experience.

▼安装于日本馆的生物气体设备，Caption: Biogas plant implemented in the Japan Pavilion 由经济产业省提供

任何人都可以共享相同体验的立体观展空间
A Dynamic Exhibition Space for a Shared Experience for All

2层展厅周围环绕着由地面平缓延伸上来的室外回廊，旨在打造一个健康和残障人士都能通过相同路径进入并共享相同体验的无障碍观展空间。室外回廊不仅是可分别进入3个独立区域的入口空间，也可在紧急情况下作为残障人士的安全疏散通道。我们还为此举办了残障人士和专家共同参与的研讨会，并将关于实际坡度、材料质感、色彩和指引方法等细节的意见反映到了设计中。

A gentle sloping outdoor corridor encircles the second-floor exhibition, ensuring individuals with disabilities have a barrier-free access and route. This universal design approach ensures equal participation and shared experiences for all. The outdoor corridor functions as an access route to three exhibition areas and as an emergency route, designed to safely evacuate individuals with disabilities. To enhance the pavilion’s accessibility, workshops were conducted with experts from various fields, and their feedback was incorporated into the planning, including considerations such as slope gradients, material textures, and color contrasts.

▼A3展览区域，Exhibition area A3 由经济产业省提供

▼A4展览区域，Exhibition area A4 由经济产业省提供

自然力量打造出舒适的室外回廊
A Comfortable Outdoor Corridor Shaped by Natural Forces

回廊上的藤架遮挡着直射阳光，透过一排排木板间的缝隙可隐约看到展厅内外，檐廊在怡人海风的吹拂下，松散地连接着内外空间。在展览楼层，各种高度的展览空间像隆起的地形一般铺陈开来，通过各种大小不一的挑空和坡道，形成了一个能够从不同视角立体体验展览的空间构成。

The corridor is covered by a pergola, forming a sheltered space where glimpses of the interior exhibition rooms and the surrounding landscape can be seen through the gaps between vertical timber panels. The open design allows sea breezes to penetrate through the building, creating an engawa-like space that subtly blurs the boundary between inside and outside. Within the exhibition space, the spatial composition resembles a natural terrain, with several floors arranged across multiple levels. A series of atriums and sloped walkways create a dynamic, three-dimensional experience, allowing visitors to engage with the exhibition from a variety of viewpoints.

▼室外回廊示意图，Outdoor corridor image 由经济产业省提供

▼展览入口，Exhibition entrance 由经济产业省提供

临时建筑的时限性带来的挑战
Challenges Based on the Time Limitations of a Temporary Structure

本项目充分考虑到临时建筑的使用期限，选择在内外两侧均暴露CLT，以实现独特的建筑表达。设计时，考虑到结构耐力节点及室外应用条件，CLT主要采用3层3板（内墙侧）和3层4板（外墙侧）的规格。由于建筑位于填埋地，地基较为松软，为降低建筑重量，展览空间的地面采用了一种干式合成地板系统，通过螺钉将结构用胶合板与波纹钢板紧密结合。结构用胶合板与波纹钢板的一体化不仅提升了步行体验，还能加快地板施工进度。为了便于后期拆卸，波纹钢板与钢梁之间未采用焊接，而是使用自攻钻孔螺钉进行干式连接。同时，通过全尺寸试验，对步行舒适度及振动性能进行了验证。

The design of the pavilion, given its temporary nature, exposes the CLT panels on both the exterior and interior, creating a distinctive architectural expression. Addressing structural integrity and weather resistance measures, the basic configuration of the CLT panels was a 3-ply (three layers) for the interior panel and a 4-ply (3 layers) for the exterior. To mitigate the low bearing capacity of the reclaimed ground, floors of the exhibition spaces employ a dry composite floor system, combining structural plywood and corrugated floor decking with screws. This system improves walking comfort while enabling floor installation in the early stage of construction. To facilitate disassembly after the exhibition, the floor decking sheets are affixed to the steel beams using tapping or drilling screws, eliminating the need for welding and ensuring a fully dry construction. Full-scale testing was conducted to verify walking comfort and vibration performance.

▼西侧外墙，West side exterior 由经济产业省提供

▼室外走廊，Outdoor corridor 由经济产业省提供

另外，还根据设备设计对地板系统进行了优化调整。冷气可在钢板与胶合板之间的空隙内循环，借此来实现空调效果。这种集成式地板系统主要用于展览空间，约占施工地板面积的70%，从而大幅减少了混凝土的使用量。

Additionally, the floor system was designed to integrate the building’s mechanical design. Cold air is distributed through the space between the floor decking and plywood, enhancing air conditioning efficiency. This integrated floor system is primarily adopted in the exhibition areas, covering approximately 70% of the total floor area and significantly reducing the use of concrete.

▼干式合成地板的风道，A dry-construction air duct utilizing floor decking 由经济产业省提供

▼剖面详图：为便于日后拆除全部采用干式连接，Caption: Detailed section: a meticulous dry construction for ease of disassembly 由经济产业省提供

可灵活应对地面沉降的基础方案（基础桁架＋土方平衡）
A Foundation Designed to Flexibly Handle Ground Subsidence (Foundation Truss + Spoil Removal Balance)

地块位于填埋区，主要需应对粘性土层的固结沉降。因此，采用了直接地基（土方平衡地基），从地表向下开挖约2.5m，以确保土壤重量和建筑重量的平衡。同时，为了应对柱轴力不均匀时的局部沉降，采用刚度高且变形追随性能好的钢桁架基础梁来分散柱轴力，从而拉平沉降差。

The site’s location on a substantial reclaimed land area necessitated the implementation of structural measures to address the consolidation settlement of the underlying clay layer. To address this issue, the foundation adopts a spread footing (floating foundation system), excavating approximately 2.5 meters below ground level to balance the weight of the spoil removal with the load of the building. To mitigate concentrated settlement caused by uneven axial loads to the columns, a rigid steel-truss beam system was introduced. This foundation structure effectively distributes axial loads of columns to the ground, minimizing differences in settlement depth and ensuring overall stability.

▼呈同心圆状展开的基础桁架（现场照片），Concentric formation of the foundation truss under construction (site photo) 由经济产业省提供

另外，地块东西两侧因填埋时间不同而具有不同的特点，因此导致了两侧沉降差异过大风险。为了应对施工过程中可能出现的不均匀沉降，在地基部分设置顶升空间，以便进行标高调整。并且，在测量沉降和设定顶升阈值的基础上，在开展事前分析的同时，稳步推进工程。

Furthermore, due to differences in reclamation periods between the eastern and western sections of the site, there was a concern about significant differences in settlement depth. To accommodate potential differential settlements, spaces for jacking were prepared in the foundation, allowing for level adjustments during construction when necessary. Construction proceeded concurrently with the measurement of subsidence, the establishment of threshold values for jack-up adjustments, and the execution of pre-simulation analyses.

▼日本馆剖面，Cross section of the Japan Pavilion 由经济产业省提供

展示“背面”的真实展馆
A Pavilion Showcasing the Back of the House

本届世博会的主题是“设计让生命绽放光彩的未来社会”，其中包含了“万事万物的存在都需要相互联系和相互支撑”的概念，而展馆的建筑设计也融入了这一理念。构成建筑的钢结构骨架、CLT和玻璃都采用了相互支撑的设计。钢骨架支撑着CLT，CLT则可抑制钢骨架在水平力作用下的变形。CLT支撑着玻璃，玻璃则可抑制CLT因风压而产生的变形。我们的想法是尽可能减少表面元素，以这种相互支撑的结构本身进行设计。

The architectural design of the pavilion reflects the theme of Expo 2025, “Designing Future Society for Our Lives”, which embodies the idea that everything exists through interconnected relationships and is supported by others. This concept is expressed in the building structure, with the steel frame, CLT panels, and glass forming a mutually supportive design. The steel frame supports the CLT panels, while the CLT panels stabilize the steel frame against horizontal loads. The CLT panels support the glass, while the glass mitigates the deformation of the CLT panels caused by wind pressure. By reducing decorative elements as much as possible, the design itself emerges from this interdependent structural composition.

▼外景（夜间），Exterior image (nighttime) 由经济产业省提供

与此同时，将通常看不到的“背面”，即支撑建筑运转的所有设备可视化。一边感受这种平时意识不到的“支撑”，一边在实际空间的真实关系中不知不觉地体验木材香气、温度及外部光线变化等，并将其深深地镌刻在记忆中。我们认为，这种体验不同于肤浅的虚拟世界，它成就的是一个符合本届世博会主题的观展空间。

At the same time, conventionally hidden elements, which accommodate all the utilities that sustain a building including the plant, are visually exposed. By engaging with these structural and environmental elements which are often overlooked along with the scent of wood, the subtle shifts in temperature, and the changing qualities of natural light, the pavilion offers a sensory experience that fosters genuine connections within the space, leaving a lasting impression on one’s memory. This direct, spatial encounter contrasts with the superficial virtual environment, offering an exhibition space that lives up to the aspirations of the theme for this Expo.

▼鸟瞰示意图，Bird’s-eye view 由经济产业省提供

建筑概要
项目名称（中文）：关西・大阪世博会日本馆
项目名称（英文）：Osaka-Kansai Expo 2025 Japan Pavilion
用途展览厅
所在地（都道府县、市）：日本大阪市梦洲
用地面积（ｍ2）：约12,950㎡
建筑面积（ｍ2）：约11,000㎡
层数地上２层
檐口高度/最高高度（ｍ）约13.2m
主体结构钢结构（CLT与钢结构的复合结构）
CLT单元数（张数）：280组、560张（其中借用：熊本县产）
室外回廊护墙板面板：233组、鹿儿岛县产杉木约170㎥
竣工年月 2025年2月
资料来源
发包方（中文）经济产业省（展览·沼气厂建设）
国土交通省近畿地方整备局（建筑主体工程）
设计总策划・总设计师：佐藤大
建筑设计及展览内装设计（基本设计・实施设计）：株式会社日建设计
施工清水建设株式会社
照片来源（中英）提供：经济产业省/Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
项目负责人信息
姓名所属部门/职位
高桥秀通：建筑设计总部设计部门设计总监
高桥恵多：建筑设计总部设计部门设计主管
横井丈晃：建筑设计总部设计部门
今埜歩：建筑设计总部设计部门

Project Overview
Project name (English) : Osaka-Kansai Expo 2025 Japan Pavillon
Purpose Exhibition hall
Location (prefecture, city): Yumeshima, Osaka City
Site area (m2): Approx. 12,950㎡
Total floor area (m2): Approx. 11,000㎡
Number of floors: 2 above ground
Eave height/maximum height (m): Approx. 13.2m
Main structure: Steel structure (hybrid structure combining CLT panels and steel)
CLT Units: 280 sets, 560 panels (including leased materials: CLT sourced from Kumamoto Prefecture)
Outdoor Corridor Cladding Panels: 233 sets, Sugi (Japanese cedar) sourced from Kagoshima Prefecture, approx. 170 m³
Completion month/year: February 2025
Credits
Client name (English): Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Exhibition and biogas plant construction)
Kinki Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (building construction)
Design: General Producer/General Designer: Oki Sato
Architectural and Exhibition Interior Design
（Schematic Design and Detailed Design）: Nikken Sekkei Ltd
Construction Shimizu Corporation
Image and Photo credit: Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Project Team Information
Name: Role, Job Title, Department
Hidemichi Takahashi: Director, Architect, Architectural Design Group
Keita Takahashi: Associate, Architect, Architectural Design Group
Takeaki Yokoi: Architect, Architectural Design Group
Ayumi Konno: Architect, Architectural Design Group

More：株式会社日建设计。更多关于：Nikken Sekkei Ltd