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前言
Foreword

市场不只是用来买卖物品的空间，它们也是地区文化和历史的综合体，反映了商业与周边街区的关系。历史上，市场包含了各种各样的商品、习俗、传统、艺术表达、知识和世界观。

墨西哥东北部的本土建筑天然具备一定的防御性质，并且在设计上追求经济实用。这种特点来源于抵御恶劣气候的需要，以及大体量的建筑原型会导致湿度不足等问题。建造内院、使用当地材料、交叉通风、通过控制朝向和立面开口避免阳光直射等是当地建筑的一些主要特征。

Markets are spaces not only for buying and selling daily supplies, they are a synthesis of the culture, the history of a region and of the commercial relations with its neighbors. These places have historically housed all kinds of products, habits, traditions, artistic expressions, knowledge and world visions.

Vernacular constructions in Northeastern Mexico have a naturally defensive character and resource economy. The need of protection against hot climate and the lack of humidity derived in solid archetypes of massive proportions. The use of inner patios, local materials, crossed ventilation, orientation and façade density to protect from direct sunlight are some of its principal characteristics.

▼项目外观，external view of the project ©Rafael Gamo

设计策略
Strategy

2019年3月下旬，墨西哥国立自治大学建筑系教研组召集了一组有建筑实践经验的学者，共同参与了一场设计竞赛，竞赛的目标是为城市和国土发展局创造一些可复制的公共设施。这些项目的选址都在环境十分脆弱的地区，2019年尤甚，要在北部边境城市进行设计。项目设计的时间为三个月，另有三个月施工。由于预算有限，市场的建造从2019年12月持续到了2020年3月，如果疫情没有爆发，本计划于同年4月开业。

Late in March 2019, the Faculty of Architecture of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), summoned a group of academics with architectural practice to take part in a competition to make replicable projects for a number of public facilities for SEDATU (Secretary for Urban and Territorial Development). They were located in places of high vulnerability, this year particularly in North-border cities. The time given to make the projects was three months for executive design and three months for construction. With limited budget, this market was built from December 2019 through March 2020, to be opened in April 4^th if COVID-19 emergency had not happened.

▼顶视图，top view ©Rafael Gamo

▼鸟瞰图，市场位于城市边郊，aerial view of the market located on the outskirt of the city ©Rafael Gamo

为了节约成本，建筑师考虑了三种基本设计策略。第一，调整构建标准，将土木建设量减少至50%，剩下的50%采用轻型预制技术建造。第二，采用合适的材料，以适应国家中不同地区的气候和环境。第三，创造多功能空间，与建筑本身灵活多变的内核相一致。边境城市由于基础设施资源不足和移民等原因，人口时常发生变化，市场具有流动性。因此，设计提供了一个多功能公共空间，包含绿色休闲区域。建筑师认为，比起一栋特定类型的建筑，当地社区更需要一套灵活的系统，帮助他们维系社会纽带，加强归属感。项目希望唤醒前西班牙时期Parián市场的精神，在广场和是市场之间达到完美的平衡。

For this reason, we considered three fundamental design strategies: First, constructive criteria, we reduced civil construction to 50% and left the remaining 50% for lightweight prefab techniques. Second, material adaptability, in order for the proposal to be adaptable to different locations across the country. Third, spatial versatility, in accordance with its flexible spirit. The ambulatory nature of markets, population variation because of migration and the lack of infrastructure resources at border cities, provided the setting to imagine a mixed-use public space, with green recreational areas. Rather than designing a particular type of building, we thought essential to offer a flexible system for the community, capable of strengthening social bonds and a sense of belonging, evoking the spirit of the original Pre-Hispanic “Parián” markets that achieved a Square-Market perfect balance.

▼从街道看向建筑，view to the building from the street ©Rafael Gamo

▼市场外观，external view of the market ©Rafael Gamo

Matamoros市场
Matamoros Market

项目位于Matamoros市边郊一片残留的居住区中。建筑与街道保持一定退界，为公共广场和未来的花园留下空间。墙作为建筑的第一个构件，让人回想起了当地建筑坚固而封闭的特征。墙面的开口形成了一套三维廊道系统，与附近的运动和休闲场地相连。建筑中包含40个商铺，背面的服务区帮助店铺避开了最热的朝向。

The architectural structure is located at a residual plot of a residential area in the outskirts of Matamoros city. The building sets back from the street in order to make room for public squares and future gardens. The first component, the wall, remind of the solid and hermetic vernacular structures. Its openings generate a three directional corridor system, connecting with neighboring sport and recreational venues. This perimetral structure house forty commercial stands and the service area, serving as a backrest to protect the stands from the hottest orientations.

▼建筑前的公共广场，public square in front of the building ©Rafael Gamo

▼坚固而又封闭的墙面，solid and hermetic walls ©Rafael Gamo

▼三角-梯形结构单元伸出外侧墙面，triangular-trapezoidal extending above the outside walls ©Rafael Gamo

▼墙面细部，closer view to the walls ©Rafael Gamo

横向墙面加固砖砌表皮，分隔各个商铺，形成了通往主厅的多个门廊。中央空间是一片由预制伞状结构组成的柱廊，采用三角-梯形金属单元系统。空间净高9米，由1.5米厚的柱子支撑，可以抵御飓风和洪水。屋顶坡度经过了仔细计算，可以减少结构负荷，并且能够控制雨雪的流向。屋顶的构造系统包含上下两层。下层有两厘米厚，由砖块制成，起隔热作用；上层覆盖镀锌金属版，可以收集雨水并反射热量。结构单元之间的线性开口使得热空气向上散出，并为空间提供了舒适的自然光照。在此结构之下，设计还安排了另外40个3×3米的非正式商铺，为社区带来了空间上的灵活性。

This brick skin is reinforced by transversal walls that separate stands and generate doorways into the main hall of the project. The central space is a hypostyle gallery made of prefabricated lightweight umbrellas, structured with a system of triangular-trapezoidal metallic modules, clearing distances of up to nine meters and supported by five inches thick posts, capable of resisting hurricanes or flooding. The roof slope is calculated to reduce load-bearing and allow proper runoff for water and snow. The constructive system of the roof consists of a lower 2cm thick layer of brick that provides thermal insulation and an upper galvanized sheet ideal for rainwater harvesting and heat reflection. Linear domes in between structural modules facilitate warm air escape as well as proper natural lighting during the day. Another set of forty 3 by 3 meters ¨informal¨ stands, lie under this structural system that gives spatial flexibility for the community.

▼市场内部空间概览，overall view of the interior space of the market ©Rafael Gamo

▼市场内部，结构单元形成商铺，inside the market, structural units creating commercial stands ©Rafael Gamo

▼单元之间的开口带来自然光照，strip between the units bringing in natural light ©Rafael Gamo

▼结构细部，closer view to the structure ©Rafael Gamo

最后，市场的核心是一片绿洲。花园中种植本地的耐旱植物，通过收集的雨水灌溉。随着时间流逝，露台上的植被将愈发茂盛，形成天然的遮阳伞，控制空间的温度，为城市提供一个新的静谧休闲空间。

Finally, at the heart of the market there is the Oasis. A garden made of local dry weather vegetation, irrigated with the harvested rainwater. A flexible patio that in time will grow thicker vegetation to enhance natural shading, thermal control and provide a new silent space within the city.

▼市场中部的花园，garden in the center of the market ©Rafael Gamo

▼项目区位，location ©C733

▼总平面图，site plan ©C733

▼平面图，plan ©C733

▼屋顶平面图，roof plan ©C733

▼剖面图，sections ©C733

Project Name: Matamoros Public Market
Location: Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México.
Project Date: 2019
Construction Date: 2020
Construction Area: 2868 m2
Author: C733 (Gabriela Carrillo, Carlos Facio, Eric Valdez, Israel Espin, José Amozurrutia) / Faculty of Architecture UNAM
Collaborators: Misael Romero, Rosendo Casarrubias, Pedro Domingues
Client: SEDATU (Secretaría de Desarrollo Agrario, Territorial y Urbano)
Structural Engineering: Gabinete de Ingeniería de Estructuras Especiales S.C.
Electrical, Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering: Enrique Zenón
Landscape Architecture: Hugo Sánchez Paisaje
Signaling: Latente Studio
3D Model: Temas MX
3D Rendering: Paul Espinoza
Photography: Rafael Gamo

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