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膜结构 Membrane Structure
什么是充气膜结构？
What is inflatable architecture
充气膜结构是轻型空间结构的一个重要分支，通过空气的压力差使柔软的膜结构体系达到所需的刚度，以维持设计所需的形状，甚至实现大跨度。充气膜结构所构成的建筑又分为两种：一种为气承式膜结构（Air-supported Membrane Structure） ，这类建筑需要在入口处设置空气阀，使整个建筑形成一个腔体空间，空间内部处于加压的状态，从而维持空间形态，这种结构常见于工业领域；另一种则为气胀式膜结构（包括：气肋式、气枕式、气囊式）（inflated Membrane Structure），与空气支撑的气承式建筑不同，这种类型通常将密闭的充气膜结构作为墙体、屋顶等围护结构元件使用，建筑物内部则保持了正常的大气压，更适于应用在公共建筑中。
The inflatable membrane structure is an important branch of the light space structure. Through the pressure difference of the air, the soft membrane structure system can achieve the required rigidity to maintain the designed shape and even realize the large-span structure. The buildings composed of inflatable membrane structures are divided into two types: one is Air-supported Membrane Structure. This type of building requires an air valve at the entrance to form a cavity space in the entire building. The interior is under pressure to maintain the spatial shape. This structure is common in the industrial field; the other is the Inflatable Membrane Structure (including: air rib, air pillow, and airbag). Unlike the air-supported buildings, the closed inflatable membrane structure is usually used as maintenance structural element，for example， walls or roof. The interior of the building maintains a normal atmospheric pressure, which is more suitable for public buildings.
充气膜结构的历史
Origin of the inflatable structure
充气膜结构的历史可追溯到18世纪，1782年，法国兄弟Joseph-Michel与Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier创造了世界上第一个热气球，这便是气承式膜结构最早的原型。1946年，英国建筑师Walter Bird实现了世界首个现代气胀式膜结构屋顶 —— 多普勒雷达穹顶（Doppler Radome）。1967年，第一届国际充气膜结构会议在德国斯图加特召开。1988年，东京穹顶将充气膜结构技术推上了一个新的高峰。2008年，北京水立方体育游泳馆建成，将充气膜结构的概念引入国人眼中。近年来，随着建筑技术的日益进步，充气膜结构逐渐受到重视并得到了更加广泛的应用。
The history of inflatable membrane structure can be traced back to 18th century. In 1782, French brothers Josef Michel and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier created the world’s first hot air balloon, which is the earliest prototype of Air-supported Membrane Structure. In 1946, British architect Walter Bird realized the world’s first modern inflatable membrane roof — the Doppler Radar Dome. In 1967, the first International Conference on Inflatable Structures was held in Stuttgart, Germany. In 1988, the Tokyo Dome pushed inflatable membrane structure technology to a new height. In 2008, Beijing water cube Sports Natatorium was completed, introducing the concept of inflatable membrane structure into the eyes of Chinese people. In recent years, with the development of building technology, inflatable membrane structure has gradually received attention and been more widely used.
充气膜结构与膜结构的区别
Inflatable structure & Membrane structure
充气膜结构是膜结构的一种，两者均采用膜材料进行建造。两者之间的区别主要体现在支撑方式和安装方式上。膜结构主要由膜材、钢索及支柱组成，通过钢索的抻拉作用使膜材形成张力，以达到固定的结构形式；而充气膜结构则是通过气压差达到稳定形态，例如单层充气膜结构必须是封闭的空间，需要不断充气才能保特一定的室内外气压差以维持形态，而气胀式充气膜结构则可以直接作为结构元件使用。
Inflatable membrane structure is one kind of membrane structure, both of which are constructed by membrane material. The difference between them is mainly reflected in the way of support and installation. The membrane structure is mainly composed of membrane material, steel cable and pillar. The tension of the membrane material is formed through the elongation of the steel cable to achieve a fixed structure. The inflatable membrane structure is through the pressure difference to achieve a stable form, such as the single-layer inflatable membrane structure must be a closed space, need to constantly inflate in order to maintain a certain indoor and outdoor pressure difference to maintain the shape, and the inflatable membrane structure can be directly used as a structural element.
充气膜结构的优势与劣势
Advantages & Disadvantages
充气膜结构最大的优势在于安装便捷、造价经济，尤其适用于大跨度作业空间，并可以实现传统建筑无法达到的曲线与柔性姿态。但是相对于张拉式膜结构与气胀式充气膜结构来说，气承式充气膜则需要安装充气控制系统与设备，越大型的单层充气膜结构则需要更为专业的设备，还需要经过复杂调试流程才可实现。
The biggest advantage of inflatable membrane structure lies in convenient installation and economical cost. It is especially suitable for large-span working space, and can achieve curves and flexible form that cannot be achieved by traditional buildings. However, compared with the common membrane structure and inflatable membrane structure, single-layer Air-supported Membrane Structure needs air control system and equipment, and larger structure needs more professional equipment, and also needs to go through complex commissioning process to achieve.
案例
Projects
1.
Pipeline景观装置，巴黎 / Dosis
超越时空的建筑装置
Pipeline Installation by Dosis
Architecture that flow through space and time
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2.
东伦敦的黄色大泡泡 / Dosis
即时的充气结构建筑
Second Dome — Yellow Dome in East London by Dosis
An instantaneous, pneumatic living structure
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3.
三色顶：众行拱，蓝天泡，绿洲廊，苏州 / 众建筑
一系列灵活的公共艺术装置
Tricolor Trilogy: Accordion Arcade, Blue Sky Blues, Orbital Oasis, China by PAO
A series of flexible public art installations
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4.
华盛顿Hirshhorn博物馆季节性充气馆，美国 / DS+R
博物馆泡泡
Hishhorn Bubble, United States by Diller Scofidio + Renfro
the Bubble
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5.
弗拉门戈冰塔，哈尔滨 / 埃因霍芬理工大学冰雪结构研究团队 + 哈尔滨工业大学
中荷联合团队设计建造了世界上最高的31米冰塔
Flamenco Ice Tower by TU/e + HIT
Sino-Dutch Team Realized 31 Meter High Ice Tower
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6.
2016北京国际设计周 – 章鱼亭 / Tectonics + 晓麦工作室
临时展亭变换着灯光的色彩，如同“白塔寺的心脏”，与邻近社区的“脉搏”动态同步。
Octopus Pavilion in Beijing Design Week 2016 by Max Gerthel Studio and Tectonicus
Max Gerthel Studio partners with Tectonicus create a heart of Baitasi measuring the pulse of the neighborhood
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7.
充气球形房屋Osmo，伦敦 / Loop.pH
在伦敦看星空
Osmo by Loop.pH
Watching the stars in London
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8.
Apollo Pavilion亭台装置，英国 / Steve Messam
再现辉煌记忆
To continue the Apollo Pavilion celebrations by Steve Messam
Bring back brilliant memories
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9.
Martell展厅，法国 / Selgascano
灵活有机的展厅
Pavillon Martell de SelgasCano By Selgascano
The flexible and organic shape of pavilion
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10.
城东·一气合城，西安 / 三谷设计
创造与更新的共和实践
[Cheng Dong. A Coherent City] No. 12 Public Building, China by Sangu Design
The combination and application of innovation and update
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11.
Circo aéreo 装置，西班牙 / KOGAA Studio
纯粹的充气圆环
Circo aéreo by KOGAA Studio
Pure inflatable ring
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Next Gen Park公共装置，捷克 / KOGAA Studio
从视觉上引发市民对二氧化碳排放问题的重视
Next Gen Park by KOGAA Studio
A visual reminder to citizens on CO2 consumption
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12.
内蒙草原上不存在的杜蕾斯概念店 / SLOW Architects
光影，风雨，星月，这些自然元素都轻柔的作用于建筑的表面，使建筑的样子时刻随着周围变化着。
No Sense of Being — Concept Store of Durex, Inner Mongolia by SLOW Architects
A building constantly changes with the surrounding environment.
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13.
Aeropolis充气巡演结构，丹麦 / Plastique Fantastique
进入到Aeropolis中，进行小型演奏会，交流或者嬉戏
Aeropolis / Plastique Fantastique
Enter into Aeropolis for a small concert, exchange or play
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14.
云朵乐园，成都 / 张唐景观
寓教于乐的水主题公园
Cloud Paradise Park, China by Z + T STUDIO
Fun and Educational Water Theme Park
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15.
Borders雕塑公园首展：XXX，苏格兰 / Steve Messam
用全新方式叙述不确定的历史
The inaugural exhibition of Borders Sculpture Park: XXX, Scotland by Steve Messam
Extend uncertain history with new narratives
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16.
Inner Circles艺术装置，美国 / Cyril Lancelin (town and concrete)
图书馆花园里的巨大光圈
Inner Circles by Cyril Lancelin (town and concrete)
Giant glowing circles creates an immersive artificial landscape
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17.
白色充气泡泡，日本 / NUMEN
横滨“盘丝洞”
Net Blow-up Yokohama / NUMEN
Yokohama “pan wire hole”
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18.
充气装置艺术作品 / Numen/For Use
充气装置中的网格世界
String Prototype By Numen/For Use
Grid world in an inflator
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19.
充气木桥，荷兰 / RO&AD Architecten
连接堡垒和城市中心
The Ravelijn Bridge / RO&AD Architecten
connect the fortress to the city centre
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20.
Luminaria艺术雕塑 / Architects of Air
让人惊叹的充气雕塑
Luminaria by Architects of Air
A sense of wonder, a great appeal
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更多膜结构案例请点击
All Membrane Structure Projects Click Below
膜结构 Membrane Structure
参考文献
[1] 陈务军．膜结构工程设计：中国建筑工业出版社，2006年
欢迎在评论区谈谈你对充气膜结构的看法，补充更多精彩案例！
Welcome to add more examples in the comments!
编辑：石安 SHI Ann
比较喜欢三色拱里的蓝色
此类装置一定要注意安全！