FDR Four Freedoms Park / Louis Kahn

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Louis Kahn在纽约的唯一作品：罗斯福四大自由公园。

“我想纪念地应该是房间和花园，这是所有的想法。为什么要是房间和花园。我不过是从出发点考虑。花园，具有个人性质，是被自然所控制的，能把人们聚集在一起的个人性质场所。房间，则是建筑的开端。”— Louis Kahn, 普拉特学院1973年秋季演讲。

…I had this thought that a memorial should be a room and a garden. That’s all I had. Why did I want a room and a garden? I just chose it to be the point of departure. The garden is somehow a personal nature, a personal kind of control of nature, a gathering of nature. And the room was the beginning of architecture.
-Louis Kahn, lecture at Pratt Institute Fall 1973

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1973年时，路易斯康便为在纽约市罗斯福岛上的富兰克林.德拉诺.罗斯福纪念地进行了构思，由于次年的经济危机，导致项目停滞，最终，2012年10月该项目才完工，并更名为富兰克林.D.罗斯福四大自由公园。

公园坐落在曼哈顿与皇后区间东河流域上的罗斯福岛南端，面朝对面42街上的联合国办公楼。纽约时报早期论调对该场地的评价：“长期以来，这岛上的纪念地都是最佳选址，与罗斯福的名誉相辅相成，这里面对他所钟爱的大海，他所桥接的大西洋，他所帮助拯救的欧洲，还有由他灵感而来的联合国。”

Conceived by Louis I Kahn in 1973, the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial on Roosevelt Island in New York City was a project nearly forty years in the making. Delayed by Kahn’s death in March of 1974 and derailed for years as a consequence of a financial crisis that struck the City and State of New York, the Memorial, renamed Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, was completed in October of 2012.

Located on the southern tip of Roosevelt Island in the East River between Manhattan and Queens, it sits almost directly east of the United Nations Complex on E 42nd Street. The New York Times was an early advocate for the site noting that “It has long seemed to us that an ideal place for a memorial to FDR would be on Welfare Island, which…could be easily renamed in his honor… It would face the sea he loved, the Atlantic he bridged, the Europe he helped to save, the United Nations he inspired.”

路易斯康和他的亲密合作者，景观建筑师Harriet Pattison一起进行初步构思并确立五个部分：
主要元素：
1 房间“灵感之地”
2 花园“引领人们进入房间的，具有美洲大陆野性的序列”
辅助元素
3  Grove“纪念地的邀请（入口）”
4 雕塑和前院“受欢迎的个人气氛驻步花园”
5 花园中的房子，没有构筑物的场所

人们先经过5颗山毛榉树排成一列的小树林，然后进入这片纪念地，再登上台阶上到一片被树列包围的呈几何形体的倾斜大草坪上，草坪的尽端，是一个从476公斤的罗斯福青铜雕像，雕像之处也是纪念地“房间”的入口之处。在这个房间中，康发挥了罗斯福的精神，让观众从这里面对是整个广袤的世界，而非一个精心描绘的肖像或者画。房间的公共性达到了极致，房间的墙由1.83mx1.83mx3.66m的花岗岩围成，每块之间的间隙是2.54厘米，南侧完全开放，宛如一个观景台。整个房间中没有冠冕堂皇的铭文。人们在这里，自然而然便可体会到自由的精髓。

The park as initially conceived by Kahn and his close collaborator, the landscape architect Harriet Pattison, consisted of five parts:
Major elements
-The Room “a place of inspired use”
-The Garden, a place where “ the wildness of the American continent gives way to the
order of the room”
Supporting elements
-The Grove, where one receives “the invitation to visit the memorial”
-The Sculpture and Forecourt, provides “a most personal welcome at the foot of the
garden…”
-The House in the Garden, a place for amenities that was unbuilt

After gathering at the grove of five Beech Trees (Fagus sylvatica), the visitor ascends the stairs to the Garden; a tilted lawn with a distinctive allee of 120 Littleleaf Lindens (Tilia cordata) focuses the visitor, through the geometry of its plan, on a colossal bust of the President. The 1050 pound (476 kg) bronze sculpture was based on a study by Jo Davidson made in 1933 while Roosevelt was in the White House. The bust marks the entrance to the room that provides a view to the south over the East River. Here, Kahn sought to invoke the spirit of FDR and ask the viewer to confront the world not as a picture perfect vista but as it is; replete with public housing, hospital towers and factories. The “walls” of the room are constructed of 6’x6’x12’ (1.83mx1.83mx3.66m) granite blocks that weigh 38 tons each. Each block of granite is separated by a one inch (2.54 cm) gap. The room is bounded on its southern flank by a ha-ha, a favorite architectural device of Kahn, that serves as a viewing platform, boundary and bench. The room has no inscriptions and seeks to inspire and question the viewer without limning what those ideas must be.

The design was completed in 2012 in conjunction with the Four Freedoms Park Conservancy and Mitchell/Giurgola Architects (who initially worked in association with David P Wisdom & Associates—Kahn’s successor firm). It is Kahn’s only built work in New York City.Architect  Louis I Kahn Architect (1973-74), design completed after Kahn’s death by David P Wisdom and Associates (1974-75) in association with Mitchell/Giurgola Associates (1974-75, 2008-2012)

Landscape Architect Harriet Pattison (1973-74)
           Scheer/Dusil (1974-75, 2008-2012)
Project Name  FDR Four Freedoms Park
Location   New York, NY
Construction  2010-2012
Area           4 Acres (1.62 Hectares)
Cost    $60 Million USD
Client   Four Freedoms Park Conservancy
Photography  Barrett Doherty
Video   Barrett Doherty
Text       Barrett Doherty & William Whitaker 

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