2022 ASLA URBAN DESIGN AWARD OF HONOR: Shirley Chisholm State Park / Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates

被重新利用的码头如今成为了钓鱼和野餐的热门地点，海滩也可供人们嬉水并探索海岸线。入侵物种管理的实施让本地沿海植物得以生存，从而扩展了栖息地并增强了其复原能力。评委会称赞该项目为：“为一位真正杰出的女性所作出的包容、多样且鼓舞人心的致敬。”
– 2022年评审委员会

A repurposed pier has become a popular spot to cast a line and picnic, and beaches are now accessible for wading and shoreline exploration. Invasive species management allows native coastal plants to take hold in order to expand habitat and increase resiliency. The jury called it an “inclusive, diverse, and inspiring tribute to a truly remarkable woman.”
– 2022 Awards Jury

来自 ASLA 对gooood的分享。
Shirley Chisholm State Park | Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates

项目陈述
Project Statement

雪莉·奇泽姆州立公园位于布鲁克林南部的牙买加湾（Jamaica Bay）沿岸，它将两处封闭的垃圾填埋场转变为一个充满活力的社区中心。1980年代，在垃圾填埋场停止运营后，市政府基于史坦顿岛上的一座规模更大的填埋场的研究，在这两处场地上覆盖了三英尺厚的土壤，并种植了草坪和数千棵本地树木和灌木。随着草地开始迅速成长，社区倡导者们决心让这片被围住的无人之境成为一座服务于大众的公园。但是如何实现呢？在预算紧张、时间紧迫的条件下，景观设计团队创造了新的公园入口，为407英亩的整个地块定下了亲切友好的基调，随后又设计了一系列用于活动休闲和安静沉思的节点空间。虽然这些节点只占据公园面积的一小部分，却不断吸引着人们前往10英里长的步行路径。公园在建成之后立即就收获了社区居民们的喜爱，这对于布鲁克林的公务员先驱雪莉·奇泽姆而言无疑是一种最好的纪念。

Set along Jamaica Bay in southern Brooklyn, Shirley Chisholm State Park transforms a pair of closed-and-capped landfills into a vibrant community hub. When the landfills stopped operating in the 1980s, the city, building on research that had been conducted at a larger site on Staten Island, covered them with three feet of soil, making it possible to plant not just grass, which could hardly disguise the origins of the two hills, but thousands of native trees and shrubs. As the meadows began to flourish, community advocates were determined to see the fenced-off wonderland become a badly needed park. But how? On a tight budget and compressed schedule, the landscape architects created new entrances to set a welcoming tone for the entire 407-acre parcel, and then devised nodes both for active recreation and for quiet contemplation. Those cover a small fraction of the park’s land area but draw people onto its 10 miles of trails. The park was immediately embraced by the community, making it a fitting tribute to Brooklyn’s pioneering public servant Shirley Chisholm.

▲雪莉·奇泽姆州立公园：40年的公民宣传+400英亩的封闭式垃圾填埋场=牙买加湾的新公园。Shirley Chisholm State Park. 40 years of citizen advocacy + 400 acres of capped landfill = a park on Jamaica Bay © Lexi Van Valkenburgh

项目说明
Project Narrative

不论是对于前往肯尼迪机场或长岛南岸的纽约人，还是对于附近的社区居民而言，堆积成山的垃圾都是令人非常不愉快的存在——这里所说的就是Penn和Fountain两处垃圾填埋场，它们在1950-80年代一直由纽约市拥有和运营。1985年，即Fountain垃圾场投入使用的最后一年，每天吸纳的垃圾总量达到了惊人的8200吨。联邦政府计划将该场地的一部分纳入新的国家公园（Gateway National Park），但垃圾填埋场的整治和修复工作仍然由纽约市负责。在这一过程中，市政府颇具远见地使用了120万立方码的土壤（足以装满近10万辆自卸卡车），覆盖了山丘的塑料顶盖，最终使包含树木在内的各种植物得以生长。通常情况下，垃圾填埋场不推荐种植树木，因为它们的根系会刺穿塑料顶盖，但若经过仔细的挑选，适度生长的浅根系统则有助于表层土的维持。2004年至2008年间，该垃圾填埋场种植了超过3.3万棵树木和灌木（大部分是从种子开始培育，以便适应环境），以及各类本地草和野花。最终，场地转变成了一个由滨海草甸、湿地和林地组成的多样化生态系统，吸引了当地的各种野生动物。不过，这里仍旧不能算是一个公园，因为人们无法进入，且没有任何可供使用的设施。在此背景下，纽约东区的居民制定了拆除围栏、打开场地的计划。

之后，在2017年，景观设计师受邀参加了与州立公园专员的会议。几位政府官员经过不懈努力，在州政府（负责公园运营）、联邦政府（将土地租给州政府60年）和市政府（负责垃圾填埋场的平稳退役）之间达成了一项合作协议。协议签订后，州政府将启动公园的修建（只有3500万美元的资金预算）。景观设计师团队帮助客户知悉了在该预算范围内可以实现的目标。

要让设计覆盖整个407英亩的场地是不现实的。幸运的是，牙买加湾拥有3.5英里长的海岸线，还有亨德里克斯溪的沼泽河岸生态环境，以及山坡上摇曳的青草和野花，这些都为场地赋予了非凡的吸引力。不过，树荫和人性化设计的缺乏让这里显得不够亲切和温馨。为此，景观团队提出了有针对性的干预措施，它们相比于项目场地（占地约15英亩）而言只是很小的一部分，但却可以成为重要的入口、连接点、集会点和目的地。此外，州政府坚持要求将两个垃圾填埋场连接起来，使其横跨亨德里克斯溪流。景观设计师们提出增加几条蜿蜒曲折的小路，使现有的桥梁成为一个连接器，同时还能让公园成为城际自行车道系统的一部分，为成百上千的骑行者提供每日使用的中转站。

州政府还希望为来访的学校团体建造一个教育中心，但苦于没有资金。景观设计师建议在场地周围分散地设置一些圆顶帐篷，作为临时性的移动教室。

宾夕法尼亚大道的入口处新修建了一处停车场，并种植了大量的耐寒沿海植物。一位布鲁克林出身的艺术家为运营大楼的四面墙壁创作了色彩鲜明的壁画，将雪莉·奇泽姆——首位当选国会议员的非裔美国女性，以及首位竞选总统的非裔美国女性——作为其艺术创作的焦点。

公园的Fountain入口是该市新建的Fountain大道上的自行车道的终点。它引导游客着沿贝特溪（Bett’s Creek）向上进入公园。在午餐时间，指定的餐车区域将吸引众多游客前往该入口。

从新建的两个入口开始，数英里长的公园路径将游客带向各处“景点”，包括亨德里克斯溪畔的休闲花园等。景观团队还重建了滨水区域，种满绿植的小丘被抬升于洪水位，并利用花岗岩座椅进行固定。两座“自行车图书馆”为游客提供了可租借的车辆。如今，公园已经成为纽约东区的家长们教孩子骑车的首选地点。

“天空碗”（Sky Bowl）是一处新修建的凸起区域，位于前Fountain垃圾填埋场顶部，海拔130英尺。经过细致的设计，“天空碗”的顶盖上增加了新的轻质填充料，成为了一个郁郁葱葱、被草皮覆盖的小丘，周围环绕着专门为该场地定制的原木长凳和成排的树木。一位当地官员表示：“虽然需要花点力气才能爬上去，但是每迈出一步都是值得的。当你置身于河岸桦树围绕而成的光环之中，感觉就像是在水面上悬浮。在这里，曼哈顿天际线、科尼岛、海峡大桥、牙买加湾和大西洋的美景能尽收眼底。”

景观设计师还发现，既有的两个码头可以让游客以新的方式去体验牙买加湾的风景，但是需要考虑夏季遮阳的问题。为此，团队给两个码头量身打造了遮阳结构，并安装了新的栏杆和座椅。在Penn码头（其中一部分仍用于城市雨水管理工作），景观设计师与多个机构合作设计了能够增进公众出入便捷度的设施，此外还专门划出了一块用于垂钓的区域。

由于州政府坚持要求多数设施可以在初期规划会议后的两年内开放，景观设计师们在办公室度过了几轮漫长的日夜，最终使该目标得以实现。在公园开放日，一位设计团队成员在与她的家人来公园参观时说：“显然，所有的忙碌都是值得的。公园的开放对附近的居民来说有着非凡的意义——他们可以在这里散步、钓鱼、骑车、举办生日派对，或是在水边休息。我感觉这就是他们一直想要的生活。”

在景观设计师的助力下，公园的潜力将持续释放。正如设计团队的一位成员所说：“美妙的事情正在这里发生，而我们只是其中的一小部分。”

一位经常来公园游玩的州政府官员表示：“这是一座奇迹般的公园，它是三个层级的政府之间罕有的合作范例。我想雪莉·奇泽姆女士若能看见，一定会感到非常高兴。”

▲自行车集合站。市民可以免费骑行。The Bike Library. Ride for free © Etienne Frossard

▲345英亩的景观修复：垃圾填埋场长期隔绝于周围社区，如今这里变成了一座公园，人们可以在这里徒步，欣赏曼哈顿天际线的美景。345 Acres of Landscape Restoration. Long closed off from the surrounding community, the landfills are transformed into a park offering hikes with views of the Manhattan Skyline © Etienne Frossard

▲10英里的步道与牙买加湾建立了新的联系。10 Miles of Trails. Creating new connections to Jamaica Bay © Etienne Frossard

▲社区聚会：东纽约和霍华德海岸附近居民的热门目的地。Community Gathering. A popular destination for residents of East New York and Howard Beach © Etienne Frossard

▲亨德里克斯溪流庭院，生态丰富的水岸环境。Ecologically rich water’s edge at Hendrix Creek Patio © Etienne Frossard

▲亨德里克斯溪的皮划艇码头。图为三个发船码头之一。Hendrix Creek Kayak Launch. One of three kayak launches © Etienne Frossard

▲垃圾填埋场上的景观：通往天空碗和牙买加湾的入口。Designed Landscapes on a Capped Landfill. The entrance to the Sky Bowl and Jamaica Bay beyond © Etienne Frossard

▲Fountain场地上的骑行道连接点：一座新桥将公园与牙买加湾的绿道连接起来。Fountain Bike Connector. A new bridge links the park to the Jamaica Bay Greenway © Alex MacLean

▲Fountain场地上的骑行道连接点：该公园成为了当地骑行爱好者的游玩目的地。Fountain Bike Connector. The park is a regional destination for cyclists © Lexi Van Valkenburgh

▲Penn公园入口：生物滞留区种植了31万株本地树种，能够吸收新停车场的径流。Penn Park Entry. 310,000 plugs of native species were planted in bioretention areas, absorbing runoff in the newly designed parking area © MVVA

▲经过改良的步道网络贯穿了Penn和Fountain两处垃圾填埋场，它们的地势高出牙买加湾130英尺。 Improved Path Network. Enhanced pathways traverse the Penn and Fountain Landfills, which rise 130 feet above Jamaica Bay © Etienne Frossard

▲3.5英里长的水岸线：滨水步道为游客提供了划皮艇和沿着海湾散步的机会。3.5 Miles of Shoreline. Waterfront access allows visitor to launch a kayak or simply take a walk along the bay © Lexi Van Valkenburgh

▲开阔的地貌为场地赋予了一年四季的壮观景色。The openness of the landscapes makes for dramatic views year round © Etienne Frossard

▲城市里的桃花源：曾经的两个垃圾填埋场成为了今天的社区公园，以雪莉·奇泽姆的名字命名尤为合适。An Escape Within the City. What was formerly two capped landfills becomes a neighborhood park, fittingly named for Shirley Chisholm © Alex MacLean 

▲平面图，Plan © MVVA

Project Narrative

For New Yorkers driving to Kennedy Airport or the south shore of Long Island, the trash mountains were unpleasant; for residents of the adjoining neighborhoods they were a noxious fact of daily life. These were the Penn and Fountain landfills, owned and operated by the City of New York from the 1950s through the 1980s. In its last year of operation, 1985, the Fountain landfill sucked up an incredible 8,200 tons of trash each day. Although the Federal government intended to include part of the property in its new Gateway National Park, the city was responsible for continuing remediation of the landfills. As part of that process, it had the foresight to cover the hills’ plastic caps with 1.2 million cubic yards of soil (enough to fill nearly 100,000 dump trucks), eventually allowing a wide variety of plants to grow. That included trees, which were normally discouraged on landfills because their roots can pierce the plastic caps, but which, if chosen carefully, develop shallow root systems that help keep topsoil in place. Between 2004 and 2008 the site was planted with more than 33,000 trees and shrubs (most grown from seed, to allow them to adapt to the environment), along with native grasses and wildflowers. The result was a diverse ecosystem of coastal meadows, wetlands, and woodlands that has attracted a variety of local wildlife. But it wasn’t a park, because there was no way for people to get in, and nothing waiting for them if they did. Residents of the East New York neighborhood were ready for the fences to come down.

Then, in 2017, the landscape architects were invited to a meeting with the state parks commissioner. A handful of public officials had worked tirelessly to fashion a cooperation agreement among the state, which would run the park; the federal government, which agreed to lease the land to the state for 60 years; and the city, which remains responsible for safely decommissioning the landfills. With the agreement in hand, the state was ready to create a park. But it had just $35 million to spend. The landscape architects helped the client see what could be accomplished on that budget.

Tackling the entire 407 acres was out of the question. Luckily, with 3.5 miles of Jamaica Bay shoreline, the marshy riverine ecology of Hendrix Creek, and the slopes of waving grasses and wildflowers, the site was already appealing. But there was not a single source of shade and nothing of human scale to make people feel welcome. So the firm proposed targeted interventions that would seem small relative to the overall site—covering about 15 acres—but would serve as portals, connectors, focal points and destinations. The state insisted that the two landfill sites be connected across Hendrix Creek; the landscape architects realized that with the addition of several sinuous paths, an existing bridge would not only serve as that connector but would make the park part of a citywide bike trail system, and a stopping point for hundreds of riders each day.

Meanwhile, the state wanted to build an education center for visiting school groups, but didn’t have the funds. The landscape architects suggested distributing yurts around the site to serve as temporary mobile classrooms.

Inside the Pennsylvania Avenue Entrance the landscape architects built a parking lot replete with hardy coastal plants. An artist born and based in Brooklyn transformed all four walls of an operations building into a richly colored mural, with a portrait of Shirley Chisholm, the first African American woman elected to Congress and the first woman and African American to run for president, as its focal point.

The Fountain Entrance serves as the terminus of the city’s new Fountain Avenue bike lane. It leads visitors along Bett’s Creek and up into the park. Designated areas for food trucks draw crowds to the entrance areas at lunchtime.

From the two entrances, miles of paths lead to “points of interest” like the Hendrix Patio, a relaxing space on the banks of Hendrix Creek. The landscape architects rebuilt the water’s edge, with planted mounds raised above flood levels and held in place by granite seating. A pair of “bicycle libraries” allow visitors to borrow a variety of two-wheeled vehicles. Now the park is the go-to spot for East New York parents teaching their kids to ride.

The Sky Bowl is a new, raised landform atop the former Fountain Avenue landfill, at an elevation of 130 feet. Carefully engineered with the addition of new, lightweight fill over the cap, the bowl is a lush, sodded mound surrounded by log benches (designed for the site) and a ring of trees. “It takes work to get up there, but it’s worth every step,” said one local official. “You’re in a halo of river birch trees, and you feel like you’re suspended out over the water.” Views include the Manhattan skyline, Coney Island, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, Jamaica Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean.

The landscape architects recognized that two existing piers could give visitors a new way to experience Jamaica Bay, but that shade would be required in the summer. The landscape architects augmented the two piers with customized shade structures, as well as new railings and seating. At the Penn Pier, part of which is still used for city storm management operations, the landscape architects worked with several agencies to facilitate public access and specifically to designate an area for fishing.

The state insisted that many of the new amenities be open within two years of the initial planning meeting. For the landscape architects, that made for some very long days (and nights) at the office. But when a member of the team visited the park with her family on opening day, she says, “It was obvious that the rush was worth it. This park being open meant so much to the people who lived nearby and they were flooding it — walking, fishing, biking, throwing birthday parties, relaxing near the water. It really felt like something they’d been waiting for their entire lives.”

The potential for the park had always been there. The landscape architects helped realize that potential. As one member of the design team said, “Something very cool happened here and we played a small part.”

According to one state official who visits often, “This is a miracle park, a rare example of all three levels of government working together. I think Shirley Chisholm would be very pleased.”

More: ASLA；Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates